What Is a Power Plant and How Does It Work?

In this article, we’re going to look at what a Power Plant is, different types, and why automation is important in the Power Plant business. We’ll also answer the question, how does a power plant work?

What is a power station?

In its simplest form, a Power Plant, known also as a Power Station, is an industrial facility used to generate electricity.

To generate power, an electrical power plant needs to have an energy source. One source of energy is from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas.

These fuels are burned in boilers to produce steam. The generated steam which has great force is used to turn the blades of the turbine at a very high speed. The turbine rotates the generator and creates electricity.

The generated electricity in the power station is then sent to the power grid for use in our homes and industries.

Power generation system

A power generation system is a group of process and equipment that work together in an industrial facility named a power station to create electricity.

The equipment are such as boilers, turbines, generators, and control systems. The process is all about how energy like fuel, flowing water, wind, or sunlight moves through these equipment and turns into electricity.

Different types of power plants based on the energy sources

Then we also have nuclear power, and finally renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, wave and hydroelectric.

Originally, the only source of power for industrial power plants was Direct Current, or DC systems, but it wasn’t until Alternating Current, or AC systems were introduced that the power could be carried the distances necessary to be suitable for distribution to the masses.

1. Hydroelectric Power Plants

Hydroelectric Power Plants generate power by converting the force of water to turn large generators.

Hydroelectric Power Plants fall into three different categories;

– Impoundment Power Plants

– Diversion Power Plants

– Pumped Storage Power Plants

1.1. Impoundment Power Plants

An Impoundment facility typically uses a store of river water from a dam in a reservoir.

When water is released from the reservoir, it flows through a turbine which generates motion.

This turning motion activates a generator to produce electricity.

1.2. Diversion Power Plants

A Diversion is fairly similar to an Impoundment facility, but may not need the use of a dam, but works by channeling a portion of a river through a canal or a penstock.

1.3. Pumped Storage Power Plants

The last type of Hydroelectric Power Plant is Pumped Storage.

Pumped Storage stores its energy by pumping water uphill to a reservoir at a higher elevation.

When there is a demand for power, the water is released from the high elevated reservoir into a lower reservoir.

This generates electricity when it flows through a turbine generating motion, and electricity.

2. Thermal Power Plants

Thermal Power Plants generate electricity by converting heat into electricity, essentially by burning a fuel.

Thermal Power Plants fall into two different categories;

– Nuclear Power Plants

– Coal Power Plants

2.1. Nuclear Power Plants

How does a nuclear power plant work? Nuclear power plants use reactors heat to turn water into steam.

The steam is then sent through a turbine, which, as we’ve already learned, generates movement of a generator, which in turn generates electricity.

2.2. Coal Power Plants

A coal power plant works in much the same way, but instead of a nuclear reactor heating water to make steam, the heat from the burning coal powers a steam turbine.

3. Solar Power Plants

The next type of power plant we will look at is a solar power plant. This type of plant uses the suns energy to convert into electricity.

This is achieved by using Photovoltaic, or PV panels, made up from a number of semiconductor cells that release electrons when they are warmed by the thermal energy of the sun.

Solar energy is one of the cleanest ways of generating electricity. The solar panels get connected to the grid and can be used to supplement a thermal power plant resources.

They can be used in domestic environments too, and with the aid of batteries, can reduce households energy consumption drastically, without burning any fossil fuels.

4. Wind Power Plants

Last, but not least, we have Wind Power Plants.

Wind Power Plants, or Wind Turbines, get their energy from the wind by connecting a generator to the blades.

The rotational movement of the blades caused by the wind, powers a generator.

Like solar power, they are a clean source of energy, but require much more hardware to work effectively, and with many more parts, are more likely to fail.

Controlling and Monitoring the Power Plants Using Automation Systems

Like many things nowadays, Power Plants are controlled using a PLC, Programmable Logic Controller, or DCS, Distributed Control System.

The ability for condition monitoring of all the plant items enables us to determine what is running efficiently, and what could fail.

This enables us to proactively maintain plant equipment before it fails, rather than reactively fixing broken equipment.

From within a control room, a full SCADA, or a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system can monitor and control temperatures, speeds of pumps and motors and open and close valves.

This can be especially useful in the case of fossil fuel burning plants where the precise control of system devices can increase the plant availability.

Availability is the amount of time that the plant is able to produce electricity over a certain period of time, divided by the amount of the time in the period, which is often a Key Performance Indicator, or KPI.

This also ensures the most efficient use of the plant which maximizes power generation.

By monitoring the demand, and trending at which times of the day the demand is highest, plants can adjust the speed of pumps automatically according to the time of the day, something that wouldn’t be possible without the use of an automation control system.

That’s it for this article! I hope you enjoyed learning about the different types of Power Plants, and how we use automation to make them more efficient.

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The RealPars Team

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